Altered States of Consciousness

1. Consciousness and time perception are intimately linked

"I am time."

Time is embodied. Our perception of time is not just an abstract concept, but a deeply felt, embodied experience. The passage of time is intimately connected to our bodily sensations, emotions, and sense of self. This embodied nature of time perception explains why our experience of time can vary so dramatically in different states of consciousness.

Time shapes consciousness. Our sense of self and consciousness is fundamentally temporal in nature. We experience ourselves as beings extended through time, with a past, present, and anticipated future. This temporal structure of consciousness allows us to have a coherent sense of identity and agency. Without the ability to perceive the flow of time, our very sense of self would disintegrate.

Key aspects of temporal consciousness:

• Subjective feeling of time passing
• Integration of past, present, and future
• Ability to estimate durations
• Sense of continuity and change

2. Altered states reveal profound changes in time experience

"Minutes seeming to last for hours."

Extreme situations alter time. In life-threatening situations, many people report experiencing time slowing down dramatically. This "slow motion effect" is accompanied by heightened sensory awareness, rapid thought processes, and a sense of clarity. Similar distortions of time perception occur in other altered states of consciousness, such as psychedelic experiences, meditation, and near-death experiences.

Neurological basis. These alterations in time perception likely stem from changes in brain functioning. Heightened arousal and focused attention lead to more vivid encoding of memories. The density of memorable experiences then creates the subjective feeling of time expansion. Additionally, shifts in neurotransmitter activity and brain network connectivity may fundamentally alter how we process the flow of time.

Common time distortions in altered states:

• Extreme time dilation (slowing down)
• Time acceleration
• Feeling of timelessness
• Disruption of past/present/future continuity
• Expanded sense of "now"

3. Mindfulness meditation expands subjective time

"The tiniest moments can become veritable milestones."

Attention expands time. Mindfulness meditation practices train us to focus our attention on the present moment. This heightened awareness of the "now" tends to expand our subjective sense of time. By fully attending to our moment-to-moment experience, we become more aware of the richness and depth contained in each passing instant.

Long-term effects. Regular mindfulness practice appears to have lasting effects on our perception of time. Studies show that experienced meditators tend to overestimate the duration of time intervals and report a general slowing of subjective time. This may be due to enhanced bodily awareness, emotional regulation, and attentional control developed through meditation.

Key aspects of mindfulness:

• Present-moment awareness
• Non-judgmental acceptance
• Body scan techniques
• Focused attention on breath or sensations
• Cultivation of "beginner's mind"

4. Boredom and depression distort temporal perception

"I wait and wait for evening, and must constantly look at the clock."

Boredom slows time. When we're bored, time seems to drag on interminably. This temporal distortion stems from our heightened self-awareness and lack of engaging stimuli. With nothing to occupy our attention, we become acutely aware of the passage of time itself, creating a feedback loop that further amplifies our sense of temporal expansion.

Depression and time. Many individuals with depression report that time moves excruciatingly slowly. This distorted time perception is linked to the overall slowing of cognitive and motor processes in depression. The lack of positive future anticipation also contributes to a feeling of being "stuck" in an endless present moment.

Factors influencing subjective time in boredom/depression:

• Level of self-focused attention
• Lack of engaging external stimuli
• Slowing of cognitive processes
• Impaired future orientation
• Alterations in circadian rhythms

5. Schizophrenia disrupts the continuity of time and self

"Time broke down and stood still."

Fragmented time perception. Individuals with schizophrenia often experience profound disruptions in their sense of time. Many report feeling that time has come to a standstill or that the normal flow of past, present, and future has broken down. This temporal fragmentation mirrors the overall fragmentation of self-experience that characterizes schizophrenia.

Loss of temporal continuity. Schizophrenia impairs the ability to smoothly integrate moments into a coherent stream of experience. This disruption of temporal synthesis may underlie many of the characteristic symptoms of the disorder, including delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking. The loss of temporal continuity fundamentally alters how individuals with schizophrenia experience themselves and the world.

Key temporal distortions in schizophrenia:

• Feeling of time standing still
• Disrupted sense of past, present, and future
• Difficulty anticipating future events
• Fragmented experience of the present moment
• Impaired ability to sequence events

6. Psychedelics induce mystical experiences of timelessness

"Time and space no longer have any meaning."

Dissolution of time. Psychedelic substances like psilocybin and LSD can induce profound alterations in time perception. Many users report experiencing a complete dissolution of time, entering states of timelessness or eternity. These experiences often have a mystical quality, accompanied by feelings of unity with the universe and transcendence of the individual self.

Neurobiological mechanisms. Psychedelics appear to disrupt the brain's normal time-keeping mechanisms. They alter activity in key regions involved in temporal processing, such as the insula and default mode network. This may lead to a breakdown of the usual past-present-future continuity, allowing for radically altered states of temporal consciousness.

Common features of psychedelic time perception:

• Feeling of eternity or timelessness
• Extreme time dilation
• Breakdown of past/present/future distinctions
• Reliving past memories as if present
• Sensing future events as already occurred

7. The brain's insula plays a key role in time consciousness

"The sense of time passing arises from the continuous construction of representations of the body in the brain."

Insula and time. The insula, a region of the cerebral cortex, appears to play a crucial role in our experience of time. This area integrates interoceptive signals from the body with external sensory information, creating a moment-by-moment representation of our current state. The continuous updating of this "global emotional moment" may underlie our sense of time passing.

Neuroimaging evidence. Brain imaging studies have shown that activity in the insula correlates with subjective time perception. As we track the duration of an interval, insular activity steadily increases. Damage to the insula can lead to impairments in time estimation, further supporting its importance in temporal consciousness.

Key functions of the insula related to time:

• Integration of bodily signals
• Creation of "emotional moments"
• Tracking of duration
• Linking time to self-awareness
• Modulation of subjective time speed

8. Embodied cognition shapes our sense of time and self

"We think, feel, and act with our body in the world."

Embodied time. Our experience of time is fundamentally grounded in our bodily existence. Physiological rhythms, like heartbeat and breathing, provide an internal clock. Emotions, with their associated bodily states, profoundly influence our perception of time's passage. This embodied nature of time consciousness explains why alterations in bodily state (e.g., through meditation or drugs) can so dramatically shift our temporal experience.

The bodily self. Our sense of self is similarly rooted in embodied experience. The continuous stream of interoceptive signals from our body creates a basic feeling of existence and presence. Higher-level aspects of self-consciousness, including our sense of agency and autobiographical identity, are built upon this foundation of embodied self-awareness.

Key aspects of embodied time and self:

• Influence of physiological rhythms
• Role of emotions in time perception
• Bodily basis of self-awareness
• Impact of interoception on consciousness
• Grounding of agency in sensorimotor processes

9. Near-death experiences provide insights into consciousness

"There was no past and no future, only awareness of living in an eternal moment that encompassed all that has been, that is, and that will be."

Timelessness in NDEs. Many individuals who have had near-death experiences (NDEs) report profound alterations in their perception of time. A common feature is a sense of timelessness or eternity, where past, present, and future seem to coexist. This radical shift in temporal consciousness offers intriguing insights into the nature of time and its relationship to our ordinary waking consciousness.

Challenging materialist views. NDEs pose significant challenges to purely materialist theories of consciousness. The reports of continued conscious experience during periods of minimal brain activity raise questions about the relationship between mind and brain. While various explanations have been proposed, NDEs remain a frontier in our understanding of consciousness and its potential independence from normal neurological functioning.

Common features of NDEs:

• Out-of-body experiences
• Life review (seeing one's entire life)
• Encounters with deceased relatives or spiritual beings
• Feeling of peace and unconditional love
• Reluctance to return to ordinary consciousness

Last updated: March 3, 2025