Writings of Abraham Lincoln

1. Lincoln's Early Life: From Obscurity to Self-Education

His was indeed a marvellous growth.

Humble Beginnings. Abraham Lincoln's origins were steeped in poverty and hardship, born in a one-room cabin in Kentucky to a father who was a "typical 'poor Southern white,' shiftless and without ambition." His early life was marked by manual labor, limited schooling, and a constant struggle for survival, a stark contrast to the privileged backgrounds of many historical leaders.

Thirst for Knowledge. Despite his limited access to formal education, Lincoln possessed an insatiable desire for learning. He devoured any book he could get his hands on, including Aesop's Fables, Robinson Crusoe, and Weems's Life of Washington, often reading by firelight or under a tree after a long day's work. This self-directed education laid the foundation for his intellectual growth and future leadership.

Formative Experiences. Lincoln's early experiences, though challenging, shaped his character and instilled in him a deep understanding of the common man. His time as a flatboat hand on the Mississippi River, his encounters with slavery in New Orleans, and his various jobs as a store clerk, surveyor, and postmaster all contributed to his development as a shrewd, empathetic, and resourceful leader.

2. The Moral Compass: Lincoln's Evolving Stance on Slavery

Slavery is wrong was the keynote of all his speeches.

Early Antislavery Sentiments. Lincoln's opposition to slavery was evident early in his political career, as demonstrated by his protest against a proslavery resolution in the Illinois Legislature, declaring "the institution of slavery to be founded on both injustice and bad policy." This stance, though courageous, was tempered by his understanding of the political realities of the time.

Pragmatism and Principle. While Lincoln held strong moral convictions against slavery, he also recognized the need for a pragmatic approach to preserving the Union. He initially advocated for gradual emancipation, compensation to slaveholders, and colonization of freed slaves, reflecting a desire to balance moral ideals with political feasibility.

The Irrepressible Conflict. Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech in 1858 articulated his belief that the nation could not endure permanently half slave and half free, signaling a shift towards a more assertive stance against the expansion of slavery. This speech, though controversial, solidified his position as a leading voice in the antislavery movement.

3. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: A Crucible for National Leadership

A house divided against itself cannot stand.

The Stage is Set. The 1858 Illinois Senate race between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas provided a national stage for debating the critical issue of slavery. Douglas, a prominent Democrat, championed popular sovereignty, while Lincoln argued for preventing the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Clash of Ideologies. The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a clash of ideologies, with Lincoln skillfully exposing the inherent contradictions in Douglas's position. Lincoln's famous question about whether the people of a territory could exclude slavery despite the Dred Scott decision forced Douglas to articulate the "Freeport Doctrine," which ultimately alienated him from both Northern and Southern Democrats.

A Nation Watches. Although Lincoln lost the election, the debates catapulted him into national prominence. His eloquent articulation of the moral and political arguments against slavery resonated with many Americans, setting the stage for his successful presidential campaign in 1860.

4. The Weight of the Presidency: Leading a Nation Divided

The situation which confronted the new President was appalling.

Inheriting a Crisis. Lincoln assumed the presidency in March 1861, facing an unprecedented crisis: seven Southern states had already seceded, forming the Confederate States of America. He inherited a divided nation, a weak military, and a government riddled with disloyalty.

Preserving the Union. Lincoln's primary goal was to preserve the Union, even if it meant not immediately addressing the issue of slavery. He understood that any attempt to abolish slavery at the outset of the war would likely alienate border states and further fracture the nation.

A Master of Public Opinion. Lincoln possessed an exceptional ability to connect with the American people, understanding their fears, hopes, and prejudices. He used his communication skills to rally support for the Union cause, carefully calibrating his message to appeal to a broad range of opinions.

5. The Emancipation Proclamation: A Stroke for Freedom and Union

In spite of its limitations, it was the actual abolition of slavery.

A War Measure. The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were to be freed. While it did not apply to border states or Union-controlled areas, it was a pivotal moment in the war, transforming the conflict into a moral crusade against slavery.

Strategic Impact. The Proclamation had several strategic effects:

• It prevented European powers from recognizing the Confederacy
• It allowed for the enlistment of black soldiers in the Union Army
• It undermined the Confederacy's labor force and economy

A Legacy of Freedom. The Emancipation Proclamation, though limited in scope, marked a turning point in the fight against slavery. It paved the way for the 13th Amendment, which ultimately abolished slavery throughout the United States.

6. Lincoln's Leadership Style: Empathy, Resolve, and Political Acumen

He was, indeed, while President, violently denounced by the opposition as a tyrant and a usurper.

Empathy and Compassion. Lincoln possessed a deep empathy for others, particularly those who were suffering. He was known for his ability to connect with ordinary people, understanding their concerns and earning their trust.

Moral Resolve. Lincoln's leadership was characterized by his unwavering commitment to his principles, particularly his belief in equality and justice. He demonstrated moral courage in the face of immense pressure, refusing to compromise on fundamental values.

Political Skill. Lincoln was a shrewd politician, adept at navigating complex political landscapes and building coalitions. He skillfully managed his cabinet, balancing competing interests and opinions to achieve common goals.

7. Reconstruction and Reconciliation: A Vision Cut Short

With malice toward none, with charity for all.

A Vision for the Future. As the Civil War drew to a close, Lincoln began to focus on the challenges of Reconstruction, envisioning a process of reconciliation and healing between North and South. He advocated for a lenient approach towards the defeated Confederacy, emphasizing forgiveness and unity.

Tragedy Strikes. Lincoln's assassination in April 1865 cut short his vision for Reconstruction. His death left the nation without its most capable leader, paving the way for a more divisive and protracted period of rebuilding.

Lost Potential. Many historians believe that Lincoln's leadership would have been crucial in preventing the excesses and injustices of Reconstruction. His ability to bridge divides and appeal to the better angels of both sides would have been invaluable in healing the wounds of war.

8. Lincoln's Enduring Legacy: The Man and the Myth

To the younger generation Abraham Lincoln has already become a half-mythical figure.

A Symbol of American Ideals. Abraham Lincoln has become an iconic figure in American history, embodying the ideals of equality, freedom, and self-government. His life story, from humble beginnings to the highest office in the land, continues to inspire generations.

The Lincoln Legend. Over time, the historical Lincoln has become intertwined with the "Lincoln legend," a romanticized and idealized version of his life and character. While this legend may obscure some of the complexities of the man, it also serves to reinforce the values he represents.

A Timeless Relevance. Lincoln's words and actions continue to resonate in contemporary society, offering guidance and inspiration in times of division and uncertainty. His legacy serves as a reminder of the enduring power of leadership, empathy, and moral courage.

9. Schurz's Essay: A Balanced Portrait of Lincoln's Complexities

For it was distinctly the weird mixture of qualities and forces in him, of the lofty with the common, the ideal with the uncouth, of that which he had become with that which he had not ceased to be, that made him so fascinating a character among his fellowmen.

Beyond Idealization. Carl Schurz's essay offers a nuanced and balanced portrait of Lincoln, avoiding the pitfalls of mere eulogy. He acknowledges Lincoln's limitations and faults, while celebrating his extraordinary qualities and achievements.

The "Weird Mixture." Schurz emphasizes the "weird mixture" of qualities that made Lincoln so unique: his combination of lofty ideals and common sense, his blend of the ideal and the uncouth, and his ability to remain grounded in his humble origins while rising to great heights.

A Leader for a Crisis. Schurz argues that Lincoln's particular combination of qualities made him uniquely suited to lead the nation through the Civil War. His empathy, political acumen, and unwavering commitment to justice allowed him to navigate the complexities of the conflict and ultimately save the Union.

10. Choate's Address: Lincoln as the Embodiment of American Ideals

I therefore offer no apology for asking your attention to Abraham Lincoln—to his unique character and the part he bore in two important achievements of modern history: the preservation of the integrity of the American Union and the emancipation of the colored race.

The Most American of Americans. Joseph H. Choate's address presents Lincoln as the quintessential American, embodying the nation's ideals of self-government, equality, and opportunity. His life story, from humble beginnings to the presidency, exemplifies the American dream.

Preserver and Liberator. Choate highlights Lincoln's two great achievements: preserving the Union and emancipating the slaves. These accomplishments, he argues, cemented Lincoln's place in history as one of the great benefactors of not only America but the human race.

A Model for Leadership. Choate emphasizes Lincoln's unique character, his ability to exercise power for the good of the people, and his unwavering commitment to justice and liberty. He presents Lincoln as a model for future leaders, a testament to the power of empathy, resolve, and political skill.

Last updated: February 24, 2025